| Title | Esencia y existencia en Avicenna y Averroes |
| Translation | Essence and Existence in Avicenna and Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Al-Qanṭara |
| Volume | 30 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 403–426 |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article explores the views on existence of medieval Muslim philosophers Avicenna (d. 1037) and Averroes (d. 1198), whose works followed closely the philosophy of Aristotle. In addition to the Aristotelian influence, which permeated all medieval Islamic philosophy, Avicenna and Averroes were also inspired by Islamic theology, known in Arabic as kalām. The distinction between essence and existence is one of the most central and controversial aspects of Avicenna's philosophy, together with his claim that existence is an accident. Averroes in turn has a radically different conception of existence, identifying it with existing beings rather than considering it as something in itself. With the Latin translation of Avicenna's metaphysical works in the 12th century, the Avicennian distinction went on to shape much of the debate on existence in medieval Scholastic philosophy and beyond. This article assesses the meaning of the distinction in Avicenna as well as Averroes' criticism. In explicating their radically different views on existence, it also touches on later discussions concerning existence, for example the issue whether existence is a predicate, in the Modern Age. |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd on God's Decree and Determination (al-qaḍāʾ wa-l-qadar) |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Al-Qanṭara |
| Volume | 27 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 245–264 |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article is based on Ibn Rushd's chapter on God's qaḍāʾ wa-qadar, which adresses the question of predestination, as illustrative of a rationalistic approach that introduces philosophical views into an age-old religious debate. My aim is to present Ibn Rushd's argument, which has unmistakable Aristotelian overtones; therefore, the harmonization of religion and philosophy implicit in his argument is one of the points I would like to explore in this paper. In the same way, I am interested in discussing whether Ibn Rushd's proposed solution constitutes a middle way between two opposite positions and solves the perennial problem of determinism. The paper also discusses the issue whether he supports predestination, i.e., the view that events are predetermined by God before they happen. |
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| Title | Deus na filosofia e na teologia islâmicas. A resposta de Averróis a al-Ghazzali |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Date | 2008 |
| Published in | A Questão de Deus na História da Filosofia |
| Pages | 229–237 |
| Categories | Theology |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | O essencial sobre Averróis |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2007 |
| Publication Place | Lisbon |
| Publisher | Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Chance and Determinism in Avicenna and Averroes |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2007 |
| Publication Place | Leiden, Boston |
| Publisher | Brill |
| Series | Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science |
| Volume | 69 |
| Categories | Avicenna, Physics, Metaphysics, Relation between Philosophy and Theology |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This book examines the question whether medieval Muslim philosophers Avicenna (Arabic Ibn Sīnā 980-1037) and Averroes (Arabic Ibn Rushd 1126-1198) are determinists. With a focus on physics and metaphysics it studies their views on chance events in nature, as well as matter, in particular prime matter, and divine providence. In addition it sets their positions against the historical/philosophical background that influenced their response, the Greco-Arabic philosophical tradition - Aristotelian and Neoplatonic - on the one hand, and the tradition of Islamic theology (kalām) on the other. In comparing their philosophical systems, it lays emphasis on the way in which Avicenna and Averroes use these traditions to offer an original answer to the problem of determinism. |
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| Title | Averroes on God's Knowledge of Particulars |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2006 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic Studies |
| Volume | 17 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 177–199 |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article discusses a central issue in the debate between philosophy and theology in the Islamic Middle Ages. In his attempt to show that Greek philosophy was contrary to Islam, theologian al-Ghazzālī charged Muslim philosophers with unbelief (kufr) on three counts: the eternity of the world, bodily resurrection and God's knowledge of particulars. The latter was particularly significant within an Islamic context. If God does not know particulars, how can He know for instance individual prophets or pass judgement on Doomsday? The main target of al-Ghazālī's criticism was Avicenna and his contention that God knows particulars in a universal way. In the Aristotelian epistemological model followed by Avicenna the subject and object of knowledge become one in the epistemological process. Since God is immutable He cannot know particulars in time, therefore He must know individuals insofar as they are universal.In his response to al-Ghazzālī, Averroes' main contribution is his rejection of Avicenna's formulation that God knows particulars in a universal way. Averroes criticizes this view because it does away with the distinction between divine and human knowledge. While in humans the process of knowing entails abstraction of universals from individual substances, God's knowledge cannot be characterized as universal or particular. It is neither particular—because it does not involve sense experience—nor universal—because it is not abstracted from individuals.Consequently, Averroes presents the essence of God's knowledge as at bottom unknowable to the human mind. This position may resemble al-Ghazzālī's overall negative stance concerning our understanding of this issue but in actuality it is radically different. By way of stating what it is not, and by clearly showing the differences between divine and human knowledge, Averroes provides a clearer grasp of what divine knowledge must be like. |
| Online Access | ttps://www.jstor.org/stable/26199485 |
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| Title | The concept of ‘nature’ in Aristotle, Avicenna and Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | undefined |
| Journal | Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia |
| Volume | 56 |
| Issue | 131 (Jan.-June 2015) |
| Pages | 45–56 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Physics, Avicenna, Natural Philosophy |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This study is concerned with 'nature' specifically as the subject-matter of physics, or natural science, as described by Aristotle in his "Physics". It also discusses the definitions of nature, and more specifically physical nature, provided by Avicenna (d. 1037) and Averroes (d. 1198) in their commentaries on Aristotle's "Physics". Avicenna and Averroes share Aristotle's conception of nature as a principle of motion and rest. While according to Aristotle the subject matter of physics appears to be nature, or what exists by nature, Avicenna believes that it is the natural body, and Averroes holds that the subject matter of physics or natural science consists in the natural things, in what constitutes a slight shift in focus. |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd on God's Decree and Determination (al-qaḍāʾ wa-l-qadar) |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Al-Qanṭara |
| Volume | 27 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 245–264 |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article is based on Ibn Rushd's chapter on God's qaḍāʾ wa-qadar, which adresses the question of predestination, as illustrative of a rationalistic approach that introduces philosophical views into an age-old religious debate. My aim is to present Ibn Rushd's argument, which has unmistakable Aristotelian overtones; therefore, the harmonization of religion and philosophy implicit in his argument is one of the points I would like to explore in this paper. In the same way, I am interested in discussing whether Ibn Rushd's proposed solution constitutes a middle way between two opposite positions and solves the perennial problem of determinism. The paper also discusses the issue whether he supports predestination, i.e., the view that events are predetermined by God before they happen. |
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| Title | O Aristotelismo de Averróis e o problema de emanação |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Date | 2012 |
| Published in | Existence, Cause, Essence. Essays in Islamic Philosophy and Theology |
| Pages | 129–140 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2023","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2023,"authors_free":[{"id":2463,"entry_id":2023,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"O Aristotelismo de Averr\u00f3is e o problema de emana\u00e7\u00e3o","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"O Aristotelismo de Averr\u00f3is e o problema de emana\u00e7\u00e3o"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"Portuguese","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":2023,"section_of":280,"pages":"129\u2013140","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":280,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Existence, Cause, Essence. Essays in Islamic Philosophy and Theology","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2012","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":280,"pubplace":"Lissabon","publisher":"Centro de Filosofia de Universidade de Lisboa","series":null,"volume":null,"edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["O Aristotelismo de Averr\u00f3is e o problema de emana\u00e7\u00e3o"]}
| Title | O essencial sobre Averróis |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2007 |
| Publication Place | Lisbon |
| Publisher | Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |
| Categories | Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1443","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1443,"authors_free":[{"id":1645,"entry_id":1443,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"O essencial sobre Averr\u00f3is","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"O essencial sobre Averr\u00f3is"},"abstract":null,"btype":1,"date":"2007","language":null,"online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"}],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":1443,"pubplace":"Lisbon","publisher":"Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda","series":null,"volume":null,"edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":["O essencial sobre Averr\u00f3is"]}
| Title | Philosophical and Religious/Theological Knowledge in Averroes and Aquinas |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2012 |
| Published in | Existence, Cause, Essence. Essays in Islamic Philosophy and Theology |
| Pages | 87–107 |
| Categories | Theology, Thomas |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2022","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2022,"authors_free":[{"id":2462,"entry_id":2022,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"Philosophical and Religious\/Theological Knowledge in Averroes and Aquinas","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Philosophical and Religious\/Theological Knowledge in Averroes and Aquinas"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"English","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"},{"id":51,"category_name":"Thomas","link":"bib?categories[]=Thomas"}],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":2022,"section_of":280,"pages":"87\u2013107","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":280,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Existence, Cause, Essence. Essays in Islamic Philosophy and Theology","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2012","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":280,"pubplace":"Lissabon","publisher":"Centro de Filosofia de Universidade de Lisboa","series":null,"volume":null,"edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["Philosophical and Religious\/Theological Knowledge in Averroes and Aquinas"]}
| Title | Some Considerations on Averroes' Views Regarding Women and their Role in Society |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic Studies |
| Volume | 20 |
| Pages | 1–20 |
| Categories | Theology |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Traditional view on women have been the subject of much debate with some studies offering a comprehensive overview of the problem. The present study contributes to the discussion by focusing on a Muslim philosopher, Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198) known in medieval Europe as an Aristotelian commentator. Modern research shows him as a philosopher in his own right. The originality of his veiws on women would place him in that category. This study examines Averroes' view on women against the background of his society and faith. It also contextualizes them within his philosophy background, not just Ancient, such a Plato and Aristotle, but also contemporary, in particular his forerunners Alfarabi and Avicenna.To that end, this study focuses on two main works, the Commentary on Plato's Republic, where Averroes expounds Plato's model of the ideal society, and women's role in it, and his book on Islamic law, the Bidāyat al-mujtahid (A Jurist's Primer) In both cases Averroes, while following the tradition, philosophical or religious, displays an undeniable preference for women's emancipation.Averroes' considerations on women offer a remarkably original insight. He considers women essentially identical with men, possessing the same intellectual abilities. He advocates their active participation in society and performance of all tasks, including those that had been the prerogative of men. He urges socitey, in particular his Muslim contemporaries, to allow women a greater role in public affairs for the benefit of the entire state. His references to women break new ground, and prefigure important debates that would flourish in modern Europe. Averrores does not see a contradiction between this and Islamic religion. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1378","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1378,"authors_free":[{"id":1570,"entry_id":1378,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"Some Considerations on Averroes' Views Regarding Women and their Role in Society","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Some Considerations on Averroes' Views Regarding Women and their Role in Society"},"abstract":"Traditional view on women have been the subject of much debate with some studies offering a comprehensive overview of the problem. The present study contributes to the discussion by focusing on a Muslim philosopher, Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198) known in medieval Europe as an Aristotelian commentator. Modern research shows him as a philosopher in his own right. The originality of his veiws on women would place him in that category. This study examines Averroes' view on women against the background of his society and faith. It also contextualizes them within his philosophy background, not just Ancient, such a Plato and Aristotle, but also contemporary, in particular his forerunners Alfarabi and Avicenna.To that end, this study focuses on two main works, the Commentary on Plato's Republic, where Averroes expounds Plato's model of the ideal society, and women's role in it, and his book on Islamic law, the Bid\u0101yat al-mujtahid (A Jurist's Primer) In both cases Averroes, while following the tradition, philosophical or religious, displays an undeniable preference for women's emancipation.Averroes' considerations on women offer a remarkably original insight. He considers women essentially identical with men, possessing the same intellectual abilities. He advocates their active participation in society and performance of all tasks, including those that had been the prerogative of men. He urges socitey, in particular his Muslim contemporaries, to allow women a greater role in public affairs for the benefit of the entire state. His references to women break new ground, and prefigure important debates that would flourish in modern Europe. Averrores does not see a contradiction between this and Islamic religion. ","btype":3,"date":"2009","language":"English","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"}],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1378,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Journal of Islamic Studies","volume":"20","issue":null,"pages":"1\u201320"}},"sort":["Some Considerations on Averroes' Views Regarding Women and their Role in Society"]}
| Title | Some Notes on Averroes’ Appraisal of non-Islamic Religions, with a Focus on Christianity and Judaism |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2012 |
| Published in | Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale (S.I.E.P.M). Universalità della Ragione. Pluralità delle Filosofie nel Medioevo = Universalité de la Raison. Pluralité des Philosophies au Moyen Âge = Universality of Reason. Plurality of Philosophies in the Middle Ages : 12. Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia Medievale : Palermo, 17-22 settembre 2007 |
| Pages | 1–9 |
| Categories | Psychology, Latin Averroism |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1761","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1761,"authors_free":[{"id":2032,"entry_id":1761,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1254,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Catarina Belo","free_first_name":"Catarina","free_last_name":"Belo","norm_person":{"id":1254,"first_name":"Catarina","last_name":"Belo","full_name":"Catarina Belo","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/132895374","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Catarina Belo"}}],"entry_title":"Some Notes on Averroes\u2019 Appraisal of non-Islamic Religions, with a Focus on Christianity and Judaism","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Some Notes on Averroes\u2019 Appraisal of non-Islamic Religions, with a Focus on Christianity and Judaism"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"},{"id":7,"category_name":"Latin Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Latin Averroism"}],"authors":[{"id":1254,"full_name":"Catarina Belo","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1761,"section_of":242,"pages":"1\u20139","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":242,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Internationale pour l\u2019\u00c9tude de la Philosophie M\u00e9di\u00e9vale (S.I.E.P.M). Universalit\u00e0 della Ragione. Pluralit\u00e0 delle Filosofie nel Medioevo = Universalit\u00e9 de la Raison. Pluralit\u00e9 des Philosophies au Moyen \u00c2ge = Universality of Reason. Plurality of Philosophies in the Middle Ages : 12. Congresso Internazionale di Filosofia Medievale : Palermo, 17-22 settembre 2007","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2012","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":242,"pubplace":"Palermo","publisher":"Officina di Studi Medievali","series":"Rencontres de Philosophie M\u00e9di\u00e9vale","volume":"12","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["Some Notes on Averroes\u2019 Appraisal of non-Islamic Religions, with a Focus on Christianity and Judaism"]}
| Title | The concept of ‘nature’ in Aristotle, Avicenna and Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | undefined |
| Journal | Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia |
| Volume | 56 |
| Issue | 131 (Jan.-June 2015) |
| Pages | 45–56 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Physics, Avicenna, Natural Philosophy |
| Author(s) | Catarina Belo |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This study is concerned with 'nature' specifically as the subject-matter of physics, or natural science, as described by Aristotle in his "Physics". It also discusses the definitions of nature, and more specifically physical nature, provided by Avicenna (d. 1037) and Averroes (d. 1198) in their commentaries on Aristotle's "Physics". Avicenna and Averroes share Aristotle's conception of nature as a principle of motion and rest. While according to Aristotle the subject matter of physics appears to be nature, or what exists by nature, Avicenna believes that it is the natural body, and Averroes holds that the subject matter of physics or natural science consists in the natural things, in what constitutes a slight shift in focus. |
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